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Majd ad-Dīn Usāma ibn Murshid ibn ʿAlī ibn Munqidh al-Kināni al-Kalbi〔''Majd ad-Din'' is an honorific title meaning "glory of the faith". His given name, ''Usama'', means "lion". Murshid was his father, Ali his grandfather, and Munqidh his great-grandfather. The Munqidh family belonged to Kinanah from Kalb from the Qudhaa. Paul M. Cobb, ''Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior-Poet in the Age of Crusades'' (Oxford: Oneworld, 2005), p. 4.〕 (also Usamah, Ousama, etc.; (アラビア語:أسامة بن منقذ)) (July 4, 1095 – November 17, 1188〔According to Ibn Khallikan he was born on 27 Jumada al-Thani, 488 AH and died 23 Ramadan 584 AH. ''Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary'', trans. William MacGuckin, Baron de Slane, vol. 1 (Paris: 1842), p. 179. The Gregorian calendar dates are from Cobb, ''Usama ibn Munqidh'', p. 4.〕) was a medieval Muslim poet, author, faris (knight), and diplomat from the Banu Munqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria. His life coincided with the rise of several medieval Muslim dynasties, the arrival of the First Crusade, and the establishment of the crusader states. He was the nephew and potential successor of the emir of Shaizar, but was exiled in 1131 and spent the rest of his life serving other leaders. He was a courtier to the Burids, Zengids, and Ayyubids in Damascus, serving the Zengi, Nur ad-Din, and Saladin over a period of almost fifty years. He also served the Fatimid court in Cairo, as well as the Artuqids in Hisn Kayfa. He travelled extensively in Arab lands, visiting Egypt, Syria, Palestine and along the Tigris river, and went on pilgrimage to Mecca. He often meddled in the politics of the courts in which he served, and he was exiled from both Damascus and Cairo. During and immediately after his life he was most famous as a poet and ''adib'' (a "man of letters"). He wrote many poetry anthologies, such as the ''Kitab al-'Asa'' ("Book of the Staff"), ''Lubab al-Adab'' ("Kernels of Refinement"), and ''al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar'' ("Dwellings and Abodes"), and collections of his own original poetry. In modern times he is remembered more for his ''Kitab al-I'tibar'' ("Book of Learning by Example" or "Book of Contemplation"), which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders, whom he interacted with on many occasions, and some of whom he considered friends, although he generally saw them as ignorant foreigners. Most of his family was killed in an earthquake at Shaizar in 1157. He died in Damascus in 1188, at the age of 93. == Early life == Usama was the son of Murshid, and the nephew of Nasr, emir of Shaizar. Shaizar was seen as a strategically important site and the gateway to enter and control inner Syria. The Arabs initially conquered Shaizar during the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637. Due to its importance it exchanged hands numerous times between the Arabs and Byzantines, who regained it in 999. In 1025 the Banu Munqid tribe were given an allocation of land beside Shaizar by the ruler of Hama, Saleh al-Murdase. Over time they expanded their lands building fortifications and castles until Usamas grandfather Iz Al-Dawlah Al-Murhif Nasr retook it in 1180.〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 When Nasr died in 1098, Usama's father, Majd Al-Deen Abi Salamah Murshed (1068- 1137) became the emir of Shaizar and the surrounding cities.〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 However he soon gave up his position to Usama's Uncle (Iz Al-Deen Abi Al-Asaker Sultan Mrdad), Sultan, since Murshid was more interested in studying religion, writing the Quraan and hunting than matters of politics.〔Cobb, ''Usama ibn Munqidh'', p. 4.〕〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 During Usamas life and when his uncle ruled Shaizr was attacked numerous times by Bani Klab in Aleppo, the Assassins sect, the Byzantines and the crusaders. It was struck with siege engines for 10 days in 1137 by the Byzantines and the crusaders attempted on many occasions to storm it. However due to its natural fortifications along with castles and walls it never fell.〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 As a child, Usama was the second of four boys and raised by his nurse, Lu'lu'a, who had also raised his father and would later raise Usama's own children.〔Cobb, ''Usama ibn Munqidh'', p. 17.〕 He was encouraged by his father to memorize the Qur'an, and was also tutored by scholars such as Ibn Munira of Kafartab and Abu Abdullah al-Tulaytuli of Toledo. He spent much of his youth hunting with his family, partly as recreation and certainly as warrior (faris) training for battle as part of furusiyya. He also had much direct experience of battle, against the neighbouring crusader County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch, hostile Muslim neighbours in Hama, Homs, and elsewhere, and Hashshashin who had established a base near Shaizar.〔Cobb, ''Usama ibn Munqidh'', pp. 5–14.〕 Sultan did not initially have any male heirs and it is possible that Usama expected to succeed him.〔''The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades'', trans. Paul M. Cobb (Penguin Classics, 2008), introduction, p. xxv.〕 He certainly singled him out among his brothers by teaching him, tutoring him in the ways of war and hunting. He even favoured him for personal missions and as a representative.〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 However, after Sultan had his own son, he no longer appreciated the presence of Usama and Murshid's other sons. According to Usama, Sultan was jealous after a particularly successful lion-hunt in 1131 when he entered the town with a large lion head in his arms as a hunting trophy. When his grandmother saw this she warned him about the effect this could have on his uncle.〔Usama Ibn Munqid: Kitab Al Itibar Page 126〕 However despite this he still spoke well of his uncle on a few occasions in his autobiography and highlighted his noble actions.〔Usam Ibn Munqid: Kitab Al Itibar Page 71〕 Usama ultimately left Shaizar temporarily in 1129 and after his father died in 1137 his exile became permanent.〔Philip K Hitti: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab Al-Itibar)〕 His uncle died in 1154 and his son, Taj Al-Dawlah Naser Al-Deen Mohammad, inherited the castle. However he was the last of the line when an earthquake in 1157 struck the area killing scores. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Usama ibn Munqidh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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